Nature Immunol: molecular switch that encourages immune cells to better resist disease
Recently, a research team at the La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology found that CD4 helper T cells play a more active role in killing T cells to attack viruses, cancer tumors and other damaged or infected cells. This discovery can be used to develop more effective drugs to trigger killer T cells to fight infected or damaged cells and treat many other diseases such as AIDS and cancer.
During the infection process, CD4 helper T cells are usually other cells that assist the immune system, while CD8 killer T cells directly attack and destroy the infected cells, so they are the most important immune cells for the body to defend against diseases. Early research has shown that in some cases, helper T cells can become killer cells. However, the specific mechanism of action that allows this to happen is not yet known.
Dr. Hilde Cheroutre, a scientist at the La Jolla Institute, said: New research has discovered a molecular switch that allows CD4 T cells to change their original programming and transform into cytotoxic cells. Our team also found that these transformed helper T cells represent a unique population of cells, rather than a subset of TH-1 helper cells as previously thought.
Jay A. Berzofsky, MD, director of the Vaccine Division of the Cancer Research Center of the National Cancer Institute, said the new research findings are a major step forward and provide a new understanding of the source and basic mechanisms of helper T cells. Dr. Berzofsky is one of the researchers. Their work first demonstrated that helper cells can be transformed into killer cells in the 1980s.
Understanding the source of these cells and what causes the conversion of helper T cells into cytotoxic T cells is an important step in learning how to manipulate them in disease. The researchers pointed out that either these cells should be turned off in autoimmune diseases, or they should be made to fight the disease.
The results of this study were published in the journal Nature Immunology on January 20. In this study, the researchers found that a specific transcription factor continuously inhibits helper T cells in the killer T cell line. After conducting research in mice, the team found that turning off transcription factor (ThPOK) caused helper cells in the body such as blood, spleen, and small intestine to change the original cell programming and become killer T cells. Although research work is focused on the intestinal tract, we found that helper T cells in all tissues in the body may become killer cells in response to viruses, tumors, or other antigens.
In cancer, CD4 T cells suppress killer T cells with the ability to destroy cancer cells. But cancer cell fish our own cells and healthy cells look a bit different, although killer T cells can feel that they are different and decide that they should be eliminated. However, CD4 regulatory T cells often suppress killer T cells and prevent them from destroying cancer cells. This is why cancer cells usually escape the immune system. Dr. Cheroutre said that using newly discovered mechanisms to convert CD4 regulatory T cells into killer cells will help the immune system attack against cancer cells.
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